I don't really think so. The stuff that's covered in the first half of this article is certainly very math-y, but you can be a great musician and not know this stuff. I really think all you need to know is basic arithmetic and the absolute basics of modular arithmetic (akin to learning how 12 o'clock + 1 hour = 1 o'clock, not 13 o'clock).

Becoming a great musician is more about developing your ear, technique, repertoire, etc. It's more similar to learning a foreign language than learning math, in my opinion.