My actual opinion on that is that you used to have to go to the square where people were exchanging. People farther distances away simply were not there and had to wait in the newspaper to know what happened with prices. I don’t consider advances in communication to be controversial in that regard. I do think people should be aware of who sees their communications.
Not 'to trade' but to enter the small world of HFT. Many, many industries have capital barriers to entry, I don't really see the big deal. Just as I cannot start an HFT firm, I also cannot start a toy factory or restaurant without sufficient capital. If you actually look at how much money HFT firms earn relative to the finance sector as a whole, they're pretty small fish. They just pay a lot because they have relatively few staff.
I would say its mostly in communication.
People set up laser beam networks on rooftops to get faster pricing data.
The processors and hardware are all pushing for faster reading and trading, with continual research at the physical level.
Some formulas still go into financial models or back into physics.
Just like the article started off its examples with.